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restaurant in plymouth

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a restaurant in plymouth

A restaurant, in a town like Plymouth, prepares and serves food and drink to customers in return for money.

Meals are generally served and eaten on premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services.

Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of the main chef's cuisines and service models.

While inns and taverns were known from antiquity, these were establishments aimed at travelers, and in general locals would rarely eat there.

Modern restaurants are dedicated to the serving of food, where specific dishes are ordered by guests and are prepared to their request.

The modern restaurant originated in 18th century France, although precursors can be traced back to Roman times.

A restaurant owner is called a restaurateur both words derive from the French verb restaurer, meaning "to restore".

Professional artisans of cooking are called chefs, while preparation staff and line cooks prepare food items in a more systematic and less artistic fashion.

In Ancient Rome, thermopolia (singular thermopolium) were small restaurant-bars which offered food and drinks to the customer.

A typical thermopolium had L-shaped counters into which large storage vessels were sunk, which would contain either hot or cold food.

They are linked to the absence of kitchens in many dwellings and the ease with which people could purchase prepared foods.

Besides, eating out was also considered an important aspect of socialising.

In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with a service counter have been identified across the whole town area.

They were concentrated along the main axes of the town and the public spaces where they were frequented by the locals.

Food catering establishments, in a town such as Plymouth, which may be described as restaurants were known since the 11th century in Kaifeng, China's northern capital during the first half of the Song Dynasty (960 to 1279).

With a population of over 1,000,000 people, a culture of hospitality and a paper currency, Kaifeng was ripe for the development of restaurants.

Probably growing out of the tea houses and taverns that catered to travellers, Kaifeng's restaurants blossomed into an industry catering to locals as well as people from other regions of China.

Stephen H West argues that there is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of theatrical stage drama, gambling and prostitution which served the burgeoning merchant middle class during the Song Dynasty.

Restaurants catered to different styles of cuisine, price brackets, and religious requirements.

Even within a single restaurant much choice was available, and people ordered the entree they wanted from written menus.

An account from 1275 writes of Hangzhou, the capital city for the last half of the dynasty: "The people of Hangzhou are very difficult to please.

Hundreds of orders are given on all sides: this person wants something hot, another something cold, a third something tepid, a fourth something chilled; one wants cooked food, another raw, another chooses roast, another grill".

The restaurants in Hangzhou also catered to many northern Chinese who had fled south from Kaifeng during the Jurchen invasion of the 1120s, while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from Kaifeng.

Restaurants on Greek islands are often situated right on the beach.

Restaurants range from unpretentious lunching or dining places catering to people working nearby, with simple food served in simple settings at low prices, to expensive establishments serving refined food and wines in a formal setting.

In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing.

In the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-formal, or even in rare cases formal wear.

Typically, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a waiter, who brings the food when it is ready, and the customers pay the bill before leaving.

In finer restaurants there will be a host or hostess or even a maitre d'hotel to welcome customers and to seat them.

Other staff waiting on customers include busboys and sommeliers.

Restaurants, in a town like Plymouth, often specialize in certain types of food or present a certain unifying, and often entertaining, theme.

For example, there are seafood restaurants, vegetarian restaurants or ethnic restaurants.

Generally speaking, restaurants selling food characteristic of the local culture are simply called restaurants, while restaurants selling food of foreign cultural origin are called accordingly, Depending on local customs and the establishment, restaurants may or may not serve alcohol.

Restaurants are often prohibited from selling alcohol without a meal by alcohol sale laws; such sale is considered to be activity for bars, which are meant to have more severe restrictions.

Some restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol ("fully licensed"), and/or permit customers to "bring your own" alcohol (BYO / BYOB).

In some places restaurant licenses may restrict service to beer, or wine and beer.

Restaurants, in a town like Plymouth, offering ethnic food have increased in North America, the UK and Australia in the past few decades.

One of many Italian restaurants in the Heights commercial district of North Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada Restaurant guides review restaurants, often ranking them or providing information for consumer decisions (type of food, handicap accessibility, facilities, etc).

One of the most famous contemporary guides, in Western Europe, is the Michelin series of guides which accord from 1 to 3 stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit.

Restaurants with stars in the Michelin guide are formal, expensive establishments; in general the more stars awarded, the higher the prices.

The main competitor to the Michelin guide in Europe is the guidebook series published by Gault Millau.

Unlike the Michelin guide which takes the restaurant decor and service into consideration with its rating, Gault Millau only judges the quality of the food.

Its ratings are on a scale of 1 to 20, with 20 being the highest.

In the United States, the Forbes Travel Guide (previously the Mobil travel guides) and the AAA rate restaurants on a similar 1 to 5 star (Forbes) or diamond (AAA) scale.

Three, four, and five star/diamond ratings are roughly equivalent to the Michelin one, two, and three star ratings while one and two star ratings typically indicate more casual places to eat.

In 2005, Michelin released a New York City guide, its first for the United States.

The popular Zagat Survey compiles individuals' comments about restaurants but does not pass an "official" critical assessment.

In the United States Gault Millau is published as the Gayot guide, after founder Andre Gayot.

Its restaurant ratings use the same 20 point system, and are all published online.

The Good Food Guide, published by the Fairfax Newspaper Group in Australia, is the Australian guide listing the best places to eat.

Chefs Hats are awarded for outstanding restaurants and range from one hat through three hats.

The Good Food Guide also incorporates guides to bars, cafes and providers.

The Good Restaurant Guide is another Australian restaurant guide that has reviews on the restaurants as experienced by the public and provides information on locations and contact details.

Any member of the public can submit a review.

Nearly all major American newspapers employ food critics and publish online dining guides for the cities they serve.

A few papers maintain a reputation for thorough and thoughtful review of restaurants to the standard of the good published guides, but others provide more of a listings service.

More recently Internet sites have started up that publish both food critic reviews and popular reviews by the general public.

Their major competition comes from bloggers, particularly publishers of food blogs, also called foodies.

These writers and publishers represent the common dining aficionado rather than the gourmet, and thus do not provide "official" reviews, but nonetheless are capable of garnering large, loyal followings.

The first restaurant menus arose roughly one millennium ago, during the Song Dynasty in China - the only region of the world at the time where paper was abundant.

At this time, many merchants often congregated together in city centers and had little time or energy to eat during the evening.

Because of the large variation found in Chinese cuisine from different regions, the restaurants could no longer cater to the local palates, giving rise to the menu.

The word "menu," like much of the terminology of cuisine, is French in origin.

It ultimately derives from Latin "minutus," something made small; in French it came to be applied to a detailed list or resume of any kind.

The original menus that offered consumers choices were prepared on a small chalkboard, in French a carte; so foods chosen from a bill of fare are described as "a la carte," "according to the board.

" The original European restaurants did not have menus in the modern sense; these table d'hote establishments served dishes that were chosen by the chef or proprietors, and those who arrived ate what the house was serving that day, as in contemporary banquets or buffets.

In Europe, the contemporary menu first appeared in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Here, instead of eating what was being served from a common table, restaurants allowed diners to choose from a list of unseen dishes, which were produced to order according to the customer's selection.

A table d'hote establishment charged its customers a fixed price; the menu allowed customers to spend as much or as little money as they chose.

As early as the mid-20th century, some restaurants, in a town like Plymouth, have relied on 'menu specialists' to design and print their menus.

Prior to the emergence of digital printing, these niche printing companies printed full-color menus on offset presses.

The economics of full-color offset made it impractical to print short press runs.

The solution was to print a 'menu shell' with everything but the prices.

The prices would later be printed on a less costly black-only press.

In a typical order, the printer might produce 600 menu shells, then finish and laminate 150 menus with prices.

When the restaurant needed to reorder, the printer would add prices and laminate some of the remaining shells.

With the advent of digital presses made by such companies as Canon, Kodak, Ricoh and Xerox, it became practical in the 1990s to print full-color menus affordably in short press runs, sometimes as few at 25 menus.

Because of limits on sheet size, typically no greater than 33 x 48 cm, larger laminated menus were impractical for single-location independent restaurants, and more restaurants began using menu covers to hold multiple sheets.

The use of covers also makes it possible to update one or more pages of the menu without discarding the entire product.

More recently, the advent of the Xerox iGen3 digital press allows sheet sizes of 36 x 57 cm, offering the option of larger laminated menus in press runs of as few as 100 copies.

The changing economics of offset printing in the early 21st century made it practical to produce press runs of as few as 300 menus, but some restaurants may want to place far fewer menus into service.

Some menu printers continue to use shells.

The disadvantage for the restaurant is that it is unable to update anything but prices without creating a new shell.

During the economic crisis in the 1970s, many restaurants found that they were having to incur costs from having to reprint the menu as inflation caused prices to increase.

Economists noted this transaction cost, and it has become part of economic theory, under the term "menu costs".

As a general economic phenomenon, "menu costs" can be experienced by a range of businesses beyond restaurants; for example, during a period of inflation, any company that prints catalogues or product price lists will have to reprint these items with new price figures.

To avoid having to reprint the menus throughout the year as prices changed, some restaurants began to display their menus on chalkboards, with the menu items and prices written in chalk.

This way, the restaurant could easily modify the prices without going to the expense of reprinting the paper menus.

A similar tactic continued to be used in the 2000s with certain items that are sensitive to changing supply, fuel costs, and so on: the use of the term "market price" or "Please ask server" instead of stating the price.

This allows restaurants to modify the price of lobster, fresh fish, and other items on a daily basis.

An 1899 menu from Delmonico's restaurant in New York City, which called some of its selections entremets, and contained barely English descriptions such as "plombiere of marrons.

" The main categories within a typical menu in the US are "appetizers," "side orders and a la carte," "entrees," "desserts" and "beverages.

" Sides and a la carte may include such items as soups, salads and dips.

There may be special age-restricted sections for "seniors" or for children, presenting smaller portions at lower prices.

Any of these sections may be pulled out as a separate menu, such as desserts and/or beverages, or a wine list.

Children's menus may also be presented as placemats with games and puzzles to help keep children entertained.

Menus can provide other useful information to diners.

Some menus describe the chef's or proprietor's food philosophy, the chef's resume, or the mission statement of the restaurant.

Menus often present a restaurant's policies about ID checks for alcohol, lost items, or gratuities for larger parties.

In the United States, county health departments frequently require restaurants to include health warnings about raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs and seafood.

As a form of advertising, the prose found on printed menus is famous for the degree of its puffery.

Menus frequently emphasize the processes used to prepare foods, call attention to exotic ingredients, and add French or other foreign language expressions to make the dishes appear sophisticated and exotic.

Higher-end menus often add adjectives to dishes such as "glazed," "sauteed," "poached," and so on.

"Menu language, with its hyphens, quotation marks, and random outbursts of foreign words, serves less to describe food than to manage your expectations"; restaurants are often "plopping in foreign words (80 percent of them French) like "spring mushroom civet," "plin of rabbit," "orange-jaggery gastrique".

Brian McGrory quips that, when going to a high-end restaurant, he sometimes feels that he needs "an unabridged dictionary, a Biology 101 textbook, and a pile of Fun With Phonics just to figure out the meaning of gianduja ice cream, hazelnut financiers, yellow watermelon, and bulgur crackers just some of the inscrutable listings from the dessert menu".

Terry Pratchett satirizes this in his novel Hogfather, after a fancy restaurant has its stock of expensive foods replaced with mud and old boots.

The resulting menu features such items as Panier de la Pate de Chaussures (Mud mousse in a basket of shoe pastry), Cafe de Terre, and Spaghetti Carbonara (boiled boot laces).

Part of the function of menu prose is to impress customers with the notion that the dishes served at the restaurant require such skill, equipment, and exotic ingredients that the diners could not prepare similar foods at home.

In some cases, ordinary foods are made to sound more exciting by replacing everyday terms with their French equivalent.

For example, instead of stating that a pork chop has a dollop of applesauce, a high-end restaurant menu might state "Tenderloin of pork avec compote de pommes.

" Although the French term "avec compote de pommes" is an exact translation of "with applesauce," it sounds more exotic, and more worthy of an inflated price tag.

Menus may use the French term "concasse" to describe coarsely chopped vegetables or "coulis" to describe a puree of vegetables or fruit.

Another example is the French term "au jus," which means that meat is served with its own natural gravy of pan drippings.

In some fast food restaurants, each menu item has a number and patrons are asked to "order by number.

" Another phenomenon is the so-called "secret menu" where some fast food restaurants are known for having unofficial and unadvertised selections that customers learn by word of mouth.

Fast food restaurants will often prepare variations on items already available, but to have them all on the menu would create clutter.

Chipotle Mexican Grill is well known for having a simple five item menu, but some might not know they offer quesadillas and single tacos, despite neither being on the menu board.

In-N-Out Burger has a very simple menu of burgers, fries, sodas, and shakes, but has a wide variety of "secret" styles of preparations, the most famous being "Animal Style" burgers and fries.

This can also occur in high-end restaurants, which may be willing to prepare certain items which are not listed on the menu (eg dishes that have long been favorites of regular clientele).

Sometimes restaurants may name foods often ordered by regular clientele after them, for either convenience or prestige.

Menus vary in length and detail depending on the type of restaurant.

The simplest hand-held menus are printed on a single sheet of paper, though menus with multiple pages or "views" are common.

In some cafeteria-style restaurants and chain restaurants, a single-page menu may double as a disposable placemat.

To protect a menu from spills and wear, it may be protected by heat-sealed vinyl page protectors, laminating or menu covers.

Restaurants weigh their positioning in the marketplace (eg fine dining, fast food, informal) in deciding which style of menu to use.

While some restaurants may use a single menu as the sole way of communicating information about menu items to customers, in other cases, the meal menu is supplemented with ancillary menus, such as: * An appetizer menu (nachos, chips and salsa, vegetables and dip, etc) * A wine list * A liquor and mixed drinks menu * A beer list * A dessert menu (which may also include a list of tea and coffee options) Some restaurants , in a town such as Plymouth, use only text in their menus.

In other cases, restaurants include illustrations and photos, either of the dishes or of an element of the culture which is associated with the restaurant.

An example of the latter is in cases where a Lebanese kebab restaurant decorates its menu with photos of Lebanese mountains and beaches.

Particularly with the ancillary menu types, the menu may be provided in alternative formats, because these menus (other than wine lists) tend to be much shorter than food menus.

For example, an appetizer menu or a dessert menu may be displayed on a folded paper table tent, a hard plastic table stand, a flipchart style wooden "table stand," or even, in the case of a pizza restaurant with a limited wine selection, a wine list glued to an empty bottle.

Take-out restaurants often leave paper menus in the lobbies and doorsteps of nearby homes as advertisement.

The first to do so may have been New York City's Empire Szechuan chain, founded in 1976.

The chain and other restaurants' aggressive menu distribution in the Upper West Side of Manhattan caused the "Menu Wars" of the 1990s, including invasions of Empire Szechuan by the "Menu Vigilantes", the revoking of its cafe license, several lawsuits, and physical attacks on menu distributors.

Some restaurants, typically fast-food restaurants and cafeteria-style establishments, provide their menu in a large poster or display board format up high on the wall or above the service counter.

This way, all of the patrons can see all of the choices, and the restaurant does not have to provide printed menus.

This large format menu may also be set up outside (see the next section).

The simplest large format menu boards have the menu printed or painted on a large flat board.

More expensive large format menu boards include boards that have a metal housing, a translucent surface, and a backlight (which facilitates the reading of the menu in low light), and boards that have removable numbers for the prices.

This enables the restaurant to change prices without having to have the board reprinted or repainted.

Some restaurants such as cafes and small eateries use a large chalkboard to display the entire menu.

The advantage of using a chalkboard is that the menu items and prices can be changed; the downside is that the chalk may be hard to read in lower light or glare, and the restaurant has to have a staff member who has attractive, clear handwriting.

A high-tech successor to the chalkboard menu is the 'write-on wipe-off" illuminated sign, using LED technology.

The text appears in a vibrant color against a black background.

Some restaurants, like a restaurant in plymouth, provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant.

Fast-food restaurants that have a drive-through or walk-up window will often put the entire menu on a board, lit-up sign, or poster outside, so that patrons can select their meal choices.

High-end restaurants may also provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant, with the pages of the menu placed in a lit-up glass display case; this way, prospective patrons can see if the menu choice is to their liking.

As well, some mid-level and high-end restaurants may provide a partial indication of their menu listings, the "specials", on a chalkboard displayed outside the restaurant.

The chalkboard will typically provide a list of seasonal items or dishes that are the specialty of the chef which are only available for a few days.

With the invention of LCD and Plasma displays, some menus have moved from a static printed model, to one which can change dynamically.

By using a flat LCD screen and a computer server, menus can be digitally displayed allowing moving images, animated effects and the ability to edit details and prices.

For fast food restaurants, a benefit is the ability to update prices and menu items as frequently as needed, across an entire chain.

Digital menu boards also allow restaurant owners to control the day parting of their menus, converting from a breakfast menu in the late morning.

Some platforms support the ability allow local operators to control their own pricing while the design aesthetic is controlled by the corporate entity.

Various software tools and hardware developments have been created for the specific purpose of managing a digital menu board system.

Digital menu screens can also alternate between displaying the full menu and showing video commercials to promote specific dishes or menu items.

Websites featuring online restaurant menus have been on the Internet for nearly a decade.

In recent years, however, more and more restaurants outside of large metropolitan areas have been able to feature their menus online as a result of this trend.

Several restaurant-owned and startup online food ordering websites already included menus on their websites, yet due to the limitations of which restaurants could handle online orders, many restaurants were left invisible to the Internet aside from an address listing.

Multiple companies came up with the idea of posting menus online simultaneously, and it is difficult to ascertain who was first.

Menus and online food ordering have been available online since at least 1997.

Since 1997, hundreds of online restaurant menu web sites have appeared on the Internet.

Some sites are city-specific, some list by region, state or province.

a restaurant in plymouth

Plymouth is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London.

It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound.

Since 1967 the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.

Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten.

This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it.

In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony � the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America.

During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

Throughout the Industrial Revolution Plymouth grew as a major shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town.

The county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged in 1914 to form the single county borough of Plymouth � collectively referred to as The Three Towns.

The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz.

After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.

Today the city is home to around 250,000 people, making it the 16th most populous city in England.

It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs.

Plymouth's economy is still strongly influenced by shipbuilding, but has become a more service-based economy since the 1990s.

It has the 9th largest university in the United Kingdom by number of students, the University of Plymouth, and the largest operational naval base in Western Europe � HMNB Devonport.

Plymouth has ferry links to France and Spain and an airport with European services.

Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artifacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time.

The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth.

At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English.

The name Plymouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" � the river name being a back-formation from Plympton ("Plum-tree town"), was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211.

During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town.

In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders.

A series of fortifications were built in the Tudor and Elizabethan eras, which include the four round towers featured on the city coat of arms; the remains of two of these can still be found at Mount Batten and at Sutton Pool below the Royal Citadel.

During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity.

Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake.

According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588.

In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony � the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.

During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists.

The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians.

The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island.

Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown.

Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port.

By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it played a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.

In 1690 the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened on the banks of the Tamar and further docks were built in 1727, 1762 and 1793.

In the 18th century new houses were built near the dock, called Plymouth Dock at the time, and a new town grew up.

In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.

Prior to the latter half of the 18th century grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's greatest imports.

During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Devonport � the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard.

The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston.

Foulston was important for the town and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.

The mile-long Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie and work started in 1812; numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death.

In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.

Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate.

Aside from the dockyard in Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.

During World War I, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions.

Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs.

Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.

In World War II, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force.

It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day.

The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz.

Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives.

This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.

The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in 1943 and by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built.

Most of the shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan.

In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by and recently grade II listed to prevent its demolition.

Postwar, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal.

By the time this work ended in the late 1970s the nuclear submarine base was operational.

The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city has become home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.

The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican.

From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough.

In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament.

Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor.

In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth.

Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".

In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton.

Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents .

Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928.

The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.

In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secreatry of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.

The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county.

This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland.

The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council.

All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.

In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England.

In the 2010 general election, Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon were held by Conservative MPs Oliver Colvile and Gary Streeter, with Moor View held by Labour MP Alison Seabeck.

The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57.

Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years � there are no elections on the following "fourth" year, which is when County Council elections take place.

The total electorate for Plymouth was 183,358 in December 2007.

The local election of May 2010 resulted in a political composition of 36 Conservative councillors, 20 Labour and one independent, resulting in a Conservative administration Plymouth has a Lord Mayor, which is elected each year on the third Friday of May by a group of six people.

It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor.

As of May 2009 and until May 2010 Ken Foster holds the position of Lord Mayor.

The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe.

Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events.

The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost �40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.

Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: .

* France Brest, France (1963).

* Poland Gdynia, Poland (1976).

* Russia Novorossiysk, Russia (1990).

* Spain San Sebasti�n, Spain (1990).

* United States Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States (2001).

Northeastward view of Plymouth Sound from Mount Edgcumbe Country Park in Cornwall, with Drake's Island (centre) and, behind it from left to right, the Royal Citadel, the fuel tanks of Cattedown, and Mount Batten; in the background, the hills of Dartmoor.

Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound.

Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym.

The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater.

Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814.

In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs.

The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 30 square miles (79 km2), but the city of Plymouth, as cited from Plymouth City Council, is 30 square miles (79 km2).

The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).

Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone.

Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology.

The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.

A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe.

Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth.

To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth.

Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals.

There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.

On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the city was published; it called for the demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre and their replacement with wide, modern boulevards aligned east�west linked by a north�south avenue (Armada Way) connecting the railway station and Plymouth Hoe.

Prefabs had started to be built by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951�57.

By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty.

Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft).

Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.

Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (Koppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England.

This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown.

The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 �C (52 �F).

Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK.

February is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 3 �C (37 �F) and 4 �C (39 �F).

Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch of snow; more on higher ground.

Another period of notable snow occurred from 17�19 December 2010 when up to 8 inch (20 cm) of snow fell through the period � though only 2 inches (5 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt.

Over the 1961-1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year.

July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 �C (66 �F).

South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer.

Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection.

The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source.

Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in).

November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds.

The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

The University of Plymouth is the 9th largest university in the United Kingdom by total number of students (including the Open University).

It has over 30,000 students, almost 3,000 staff and an annual income of around �160 million.

It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.

It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics.

The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry.

The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine.

Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.

The city is also home to three large colleges.

The University College Plymouth St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons"), which specialises in teacher training, offers training across the country and abroad.

The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students.

Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media.

It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK.

Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, as well as an independent school, Plymouth College.

The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich.

The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon.

This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.

Plymouth is home to the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability.

It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government.

It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors.

It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.

In June 2010, the Office for National Statistics estimated that Plymouth's unitary authority area population for mid-2009 was 256,700; 15,980 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720.

The average household size was 2 persons.

At the time of the 2001 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 98% White, with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 1%.

To the right is a graph showing the population change of the city since 1801.

The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 2% from 1931 to 1951.

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 4,105 million GBP in 2007 making up 24% of Devon's GVA.

Its GVA per person was �16,377 and compared to the national average of �20,430, was �4,053 lower.

Plymouth's unemployment rate was 8% in July 2009 � June 2010 which was 2 points higher than the South West average and 1 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces.

The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy.

During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin.

Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.

Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income.

Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector.

Other substantial employers include the university with 30,000 students and almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies, which is the fastest growing science park in the United Kingdom.

Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation.

At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 � pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market".

In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally.

Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative.

The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for �4 million.

Air Southwest has its management head office and its main engineering base on property of Plymouth City Airport.

When Brymon Airways existed, its head office was in the Brymon House on the airport property.

The old Drake Circus centre was demolished in 2004 Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC).

Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.

In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006.

It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date".

In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.

There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off.

Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre.

Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.

The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city.

Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (64 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge.

Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First Devon & Cornwall and Target Travel.

There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First Group.

A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven.

There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204.

There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.

The city's airport is Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre.

The airport is home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operates flights across Great Britain and Ireland.

In June 2003 a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports.

It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth.

Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by First Great Western and also sees trains on the CrossCountry and South West Trains networks.

Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line.

First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly.

Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.

Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse.

The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade�it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800.

The city also includes five Baptist churches, a Greek Orthodox church and 13 Roman Catholic churches.

In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.

Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" � a man from Plymouth.

The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world.

There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahai, Buddhism, Unitarian, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.

73% of the population described themselves in the last census return as being at least nominally Christian with all other religions represented by less than 1% each.

The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 18%, with 7% not stating their religion.

Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture.

It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds.

During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the Palace Theatre.

It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.

Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront.

In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound.

Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.

The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2.

The Plymouth Pavilions has multi uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy.

There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park.

The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission � it has six galleries.

Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West.

A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV South West regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009.

The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with BBC Radio Devon, Heart Plymouth, Radio Plymouth and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.

Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle Football Club, who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two.

The teams home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park.

It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims".

Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion RFC.

and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club.

Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the second tier of Professional English Rugby the RFU Championship.

They play at The Brickfields.

Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League � the top tier of British basketball.

They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983.

Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in team in the British Premier League.

Plymouth is home to an American football club: The Plymouth Admirals.

Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.

Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing.

The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823.

Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water.

Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation.

Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town.

They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth.

A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy.

The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding dockyards at Devonport.

It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook.

It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801.

It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport Dockyard, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth.

Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.

Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage.

Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution.

On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.

Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city.

The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary.

There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock.

The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices.

Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service.

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre and there is also the Royal Eye Infirmary near the city centre.

South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.

The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels.

There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners.

Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.

The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth.

He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships.

He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico.

In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence.

His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man.

Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth.

Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city.

Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings looked at themes such as: vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002.

In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott.

George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George were born in the city, as was Labour peer Michael Foot.

Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis.

Other past residents include composer Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French.

Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth.

After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces.

Guided tours are available in the summer months.

Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877.

It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room.

Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the National Armada memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain.

The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool.

Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

A mile upstream on the opposite side of the River Plym is the Saltram estate, which has a Jacobean and Georgian mansion.

On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly".

It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.

To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters.

As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall.

Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

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Last Updated: 2012/05/16